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按照ldd的说法,linux的设备驱动包括了char,block,net三种设备。char设备是比较简单的,只要分配了major、minor号,就可以进行读写处理了。相对而言,block和net要稍微复杂些。net设备姑且按下不谈,我们在以后的博文中会有涉及。今天,我们可以看看一个简单的block是怎么设计的。
为了将block和fs分开,kernel的设计者定义了request queue这一种形式。换一句话说,所有fs对block设备的请求,最终都会转变为request的形式。所以,对于block设备驱动开发的朋友来说,处理好了request queue就掌握了block设备的一半。当然,block设备很多,hd、floppy、ram都可以这么来定义,有兴趣的朋友可以在drivers/block寻找相关的代码来阅读。兴趣没有那么强的同学,可以看看我们这篇博文,基本上也能学个大概。有个基本的概念,再加上一个简单浅显的范例,对于一般的朋友来说,已经足够了。
闲话不多说,我们看看一个ramdisk代码驱动是怎么写的,代码来自《深入linux 设备驱动程序内核机制》,
#include <linux/module.h> #include <linux/kernel.h> #include <linux/init.h> #include <linux/fs.h> #include <linux/types.h> #include <linux/fcntl.h> #include <linux/vmalloc.h> #include <linux/blkdev.h> #include <linux/hdreg.h> #define RAMHD_NAME "ramhd" #define RAMHD_MAX_DEVICE 2 #define RAMHD_MAX_PARTITIONS 4 #define RAMHD_SECTOR_SIZE 512 #define RAMHD_SECTORS 16 #define RAMHD_HEADS 4 #define RAMHD_CYLINDERS 256 #define RAMHD_SECTOR_TOTAL (RAMHD_SECTORS * RAMHD_HEADS *RAMHD_CYLINDERS) #define RAMHD_SIZE (RAMHD_SECTOR_SIZE * RAMHD_SECTOR_TOTAL) //8mb typedef struct { unsigned char* data; struct request_queue* queue; struct gendisk* gd; }RAMHD_DEV; static char* sdisk[RAMHD_MAX_DEVICE] = {NULL}; static RAMHD_DEV* rdev[RAMHD_MAX_DEVICE] = {NULL}; static dev_t ramhd_major; static int ramhd_space_init(void) { int i; int err = 0; for(i = 0; i < RAMHD_MAX_DEVICE; i++){ sdisk[i] = vmalloc(RAMHD_SIZE); if(!sdisk[i]){ err = -ENOMEM; return err; } memset(sdisk[i], 0, RAMHD_SIZE); } return err; } static void ramhd_space_clean(void) { int i; for(i = 0; i < RAMHD_MAX_DEVICE; i++){ vfree(sdisk[i]); } } static int ramhd_open(struct block_device* bdev, fmode_t mode) { return 0; } static int ramhd_release(struct gendisk*gd, fmode_t mode) { return 0; } static int ramhd_ioctl(struct block_device* bdev, fmode_t mode, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg) { int err; struct hd_geometry geo; switch(cmd) { case HDIO_GETGEO: err = !access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, arg, sizeof(geo)); if(err) return -EFAULT; geo.cylinders = RAMHD_CYLINDERS; geo.heads = RAMHD_HEADS; geo.sectors = RAMHD_SECTORS; geo.start = get_start_sect(bdev); if(copy_to_user((void*)arg, &geo, sizeof(geo))) return -EFAULT; return 0; } return -ENOTTY; } static struct block_device_operations ramhd_fops = { .owner = THIS_MODULE, .open = ramhd_open, .release = ramhd_release, .ioctl = ramhd_ioctl, }; static int ramhd_make_request(struct request_queue* q, struct bio* bio) { char* pRHdata; char* pBuffer; struct bio_vec* bvec; int i; int err = 0; struct block_device* bdev = bio->bi_bdev; RAMHD_DEV* pdev = bdev->bd_disk->private_data; if(((bio->bi_sector * RAMHD_SECTOR_SIZE) + bio->bi_size) > RAMHD_SIZE){ err = -EIO; return err; } pRHdata = pdev->data + (bio->bi_sector * RAMHD_SECTOR_SIZE); bio_for_each_segment(bvec, bio, i){ pBuffer = kmap(bvec->bv_page) + bvec->bv_offset; switch(bio_data_dir(bio)){ case READ: memcpy(pBuffer, pRHdata, bvec->bv_len); flush_dcache_page(bvec->bv_page); break; case WRITE: flush_dcache_page(bvec->bv_page); memcpy(pRHdata, pBuffer, bvec->bv_len); break; default: kunmap(bvec->bv_page); goto out; } kunmap(bvec->bv_page); pRHdata += bvec->bv_len; } out: bio_endio(bio, err); return 0; } static int alloc_ramdev(void) { int i; for(i = 0; i < RAMHD_MAX_DEVICE; i++){ rdev[i] = kzalloc(sizeof(RAMHD_DEV), GFP_KERNEL); if(!rdev[i]){ return -ENOMEM; } } return 0; } static void clean_ramdev(void) { int i; for(i = 0; i < RAMHD_MAX_DEVICE; i++){ if(rdev[i]) kfree(rdev[i]); } } static int __init ramhd_init(void) { int i; ramhd_space_init(); alloc_ramdev(); ramhd_major = register_blkdev(0, RAMHD_NAME); for(i = 0; i < RAMHD_MAX_DEVICE; i++){ rdev[i]->data = sdisk[i]; rdev[i]->queue = blk_alloc_queue(GFP_KERNEL); blk_queue_make_request(rdev[i]->queue, ramhd_make_request); rdev[i]->gd = alloc_disk(RAMHD_MAX_PARTITIONS); rdev[i]->gd->major = ramhd_major; rdev[i]->gd->first_minor = i * RAMHD_MAX_PARTITIONS; rdev[i]->gd->fops = &ramhd_fops; rdev[i]->gd->queue = rdev[i]->queue; rdev[i]->gd->private_data = rdev[i]; sprintf(rdev[i]->gd->disk_name, "ramhd%c", 'a' +i); rdev[i]->gd->flags |= GENHD_FL_SUPPRESS_PARTITION_INFO; set_capacity(rdev[i]->gd, RAMHD_SECTOR_TOTAL); add_disk(rdev[i]->gd); } return 0; } static void __exit ramhd_exit(void) { int i; for(i = 0; i < RAMHD_MAX_DEVICE; i++){ del_gendisk(rdev[i]->gd); put_disk(rdev[i]->gd); blk_cleanup_queue(rdev[i]->queue); } clean_ramdev(); ramhd_space_clean(); unregister_blkdev(ramhd_major, RAMHD_NAME); } module_init(ramhd_init); module_exit(ramhd_exit); MODULE_AUTHOR("dennis__chen@ AMDLinuxFGL"); MODULE_DESCRIPTION("The ramdisk implementation with request function"); MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");