前言
Nginx upstream与后端的连接默认为短连接,通过HTTP/1.0向后端发起连接,并把请求的"Connection" header设为"close"。Nginx与前端的连接默认为长连接,一个用户跟Nginx建立连接之后,通过这个长连接发送多个请求。如果Nginx只是作为reverse proxy的话,可能一个用户连接就需要多个向后端的短连接。如果后端的服务器(源站或是缓存服务器)处理并发连接能力不强的话,就可能导致瓶颈的出现。
Nginx目前的upstream连接建立和获取的机制如下图。Nginx会在一开始创建connection pool(进程间不共享,可以避免锁),提供给所有向前/后的连接。
如果要实现upstream长连接,则每个进程需要另外一个connection pool,里面都是长连接。一旦与后端服务器建立连接,则在当前请求连接结束之后不会立即关闭连接,而是把用完的连接保存在一个keepalive connection pool里面,以后每次需要建立向后连接的时候,只需要从这个连接池里面找,如果找到合适的连接的话,就可以直接来用这个连接,不需要重新创建socket或者发起connect()。这样既省下建立连接时三次握手的时间消耗,又可以避免TCP连接的slow start。如果在keepalive连接池找不到合适的连接,那就按照原来的步骤重新建立连接。假设连接查找时间可以忽略不计,那么这种方法肯定是有益而无害的(当然,需要少量额外的内存)。
具体如何来设计这个keepalive connection pool,不同人有不同的选择。比如Nginx目前的第三方模块upstream keepalive(作者Maxim Dounin)使用了一个queue来做。因为upstream的服务器很可能是多个,所以可能当保持的连接数多的时候,查找的时间可能会较长。可以给每个upstream服务器都分配一个pool(queue),缩短查找时间。但是总体来说内存操作很快,影响不会很大。upstream keepalive模块目前只支持memcached,但是可以重用其代码来达到对http upstream的长连接。由于Nginx作者之前没有考虑upstream的长连接,所以在设计上要把http upstream keepalive模块化可能比较难,只能通过手动修改代码来做到。
一个完整的让upstream支持长连接的配置示例如下:
#user nobody; worker_processes 1; #error_log logs/error.log; #error_log logs/error.log notice; #error_log logs/error.log info; #pid logs/nginx.pid; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; #log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' # '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' # '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; #access_log logs/access.log main; client_max_body_size 20M; client_header_buffer_size 32k; large_client_header_buffers 4 32k; sendfile on; #tcp_nopush on; #keepalive_timeout 0; keepalive_timeout 65; #gzip on; proxy_buffer_size 64k; proxy_buffers 32 32k; proxy_busy_buffers_size 128k; upstream aauCfg_backend { server 127.0.0.1:97; keepalive 16; } upstream HFC_backend { server 127.0.0.1:8090; keepalive 16; } upstream manager_backend { server 127.0.0.1:8095; keepalive 16; } server { listen 80; server_name localhost; #charset koi8-r; #access_log logs/host.access.log main; root html/tools; index index.html index.htm index.php; proxy_http_version 1.1; proxy_set_header Connection ""; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Real_IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; location / { if (!-e $request_filename) { #rewrite ^/(.*)$ /index.php/$1 last; #break; rewrite ^/(.*)$ /index.php/$1; } } location ~* \.(ico|css|js|gif|jpe?g|png)(\?[0-9]+)?$ { expires max; log_not_found off; } location ^~ /aauCfg/ { #proxy_pass http://$remote_addr:97$request_uri; proxy_pass http://aauCfg_backend; } location ^~ /HFC/ { #proxy_pass http://$remote_addr:8090$request_uri; proxy_pass http://HFC_backend; } location ^~ /manager/ { #proxy_pass http://$remote_addr:8095$request_uri; proxy_pass http://manager_backend; } #error_page 404 /404.html; # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html # error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { root html; } # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80 # #location ~ \.php$ { # proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1; #} # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000 # #location ~ \.php$ { # fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; # fastcgi_index index.php; # fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; # include fastcgi_params; #} location ~ .php { fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; include fastcgi.conf; include fastcgi_params; #定义变量 $path_info ,用于存放pathinfo信息 set $path_info ""; #定义变量 $real_script_name,用于存放真实地址 set $real_script_name $fastcgi_script_name; #如果地址与引号内的正则表达式匹配 if ($fastcgi_script_name ~ "^(.+?\.php)(/.+)$") { #将文件地址赋值给变量 $real_script_name set $real_script_name $1; #将文件地址后的参数赋值给变量 $path_info set $path_info $2; } #配置fastcgi的一些参数 fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$real_script_name; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $real_script_name; fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $path_info; } # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root # concurs with nginx's one # #location ~ /\.ht { # deny all; #} } # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration # #server { # listen 8000; # listen somename:8080; # server_name somename alias another.alias; # location / { # root html; # index index.html index.htm; # } #} # HTTPS server # #server { # listen 443 ssl; # server_name localhost; # ssl_certificate cert.pem; # ssl_certificate_key cert.key; # ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m; # ssl_session_timeout 5m; # ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; # ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; # location / { # root html; # index index.html index.htm; # } #} }