List

Java 的list又分为 ArrayList 和 LinkedList

ArrayList

private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
    int cursor;    // index of next element to return
    int lastRet = -1; // index of last element returned; -1 if no such
    int expectedModCount = modCount;

    // prevent creating a synthetic constructor
    Itr() {}

    public boolean hasNext() {
      return cursor != size;
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public E next() {
      checkForComodification();
      int i = cursor;
      if (i >= size)
        throw new NoSuchElementException();
      Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
      if (i >= elementData.length)
        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
      cursor = i + 1;
      return (E) elementData[lastRet = i];
    }

    public void remove() {
      if (lastRet < 0)
        throw new IllegalStateException();
      checkForComodification();

      try {
        ArrayList.this.remove(lastRet);
        cursor = lastRet;
        lastRet = -1;
        expectedModCount = modCount;
      } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
      }
    }
  }

从代码中我们不难看出迭代器维护上一次return的元素下边和下一个将要return的元素下标，并且迭代器在进行修改操作时会检查在本次操作与上次操作之间是否有迭代器以外的操作，并且适时抛出ConcurrentModificationException(并发修改异常)来阻止更多错误的发生

LinkedList

private class ListItr implements ListIterator<E> {
    private Node<E> lastReturned;
    private Node<E> next;
    private int nextIndex;
    private int expectedModCount = modCount;

    ListItr(int index) {
      // assert isPositionIndex(index);
      next = (index == size) ? null : node(index);
      nextIndex = index;
    }

    public boolean hasNext() {
      return nextIndex < size;
    }

    public E next() {
      checkForComodification();
      if (!hasNext())
        throw new NoSuchElementException();

      lastReturned = next;
      next = next.next;
      nextIndex++;
      return lastReturned.item;
    }

    public boolean hasPrevious() {
      return nextIndex > 0;
    }

    public E previous() {
      checkForComodification();
      if (!hasPrevious())
        throw new NoSuchElementException();

      lastReturned = next = (next == null) ? last : next.prev;
      nextIndex--;
      return lastReturned.item;
    }

    public int nextIndex() {
      return nextIndex;
    }

    public int previousIndex() {
      return nextIndex - 1;
    }

    public void remove() {
      checkForComodification();
      if (lastReturned == null)
        throw new IllegalStateException();

      Node<E> lastNext = lastReturned.next;
      unlink(lastReturned);
      if (next == lastReturned)
        next = lastNext;
      else
        nextIndex--;
      lastReturned = null;
      expectedModCount++;
    }

    public void set(E e) {
      if (lastReturned == null)
        throw new IllegalStateException();
      checkForComodification();
      lastReturned.item = e;
    }

    public void add(E e) {
      checkForComodification();
      lastReturned = null;
      if (next == null)
        linkLast(e);
      else
        linkBefore(e, next);
      nextIndex++;
      expectedModCount++;
    }

    public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
      Objects.requireNonNull(action);
      while (modCount == expectedModCount && nextIndex < size) {
        action.accept(next.item);
        lastReturned = next;
        next = next.next;
        nextIndex++;
      }
      checkForComodification();
    }

    final void checkForComodification() {
      if (modCount != expectedModCount)
        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
    }
  }